Salbutamol transport and deposition in the upper and lower airway with different devices in cats: a computational fluid dynamics approach

Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI) with or without spacers are commonly used for the treatment of feline inflammatory airway disease. During traditional airways treatments, a substantial amount of drugs are wasted upstream of their target. To study the efficiency of commonly used devices in the transport of inhaled salbutamol, different computational models based on two healthy adult client-owned cats were developed. Computed tomographic images from one cat were used to generate a three-dimensional geometry, and two masks (spherical and conical shapes) and two spacers (10 and 20 cm) completed the models. A second cat was used to generate a second model having an endotracheal tube (ETT) with and without the same spacers. Airflow, droplet spray transport, and deposition were simulated and studied using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Four regions were evaluated: device, upper airways, primary bronchi, and downstream lower airways/parenchyma ('lung'). Regardless of the model, most salbutamol is deposited in devices and/or upper airways. In the first model, particles reaching the lung varied between 5.8 and 25.8%. Compared with the first model, pMDI application through the ETT with or without a spacer had significantly higher percentages of particles reaching the lung (p = 0.006).Mauro Malvè and Rocío Fernández-Parra gratefully acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness through the research project DPI2017-83259-R (AEI/FEDER, UE)

ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and monitoring of pulmonary hypertension in dogs.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined by increased pressure within the pulmonary vasculature, is a hemodynamic and pathophysiologic state present in a wide variety of cardiovascular, respiratory, and systemic diseases. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide a multidisciplinary approach to guidelines for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and monitoring of PH in dogs. Comprehensive evaluation including consideration of signalment, clinical signs, echocardiographic parameters, and results of other diagnostic tests supports the diagnosis of PH and allows identification of associated underlying conditions. Dogs with PH can be classified into the following 6 groups: group 1, pulmonary arterial hypertension; group 2, left heart disease; group 3, respiratory disease/hypoxia; group 4, pulmonary emboli/pulmonary thrombi/pulmonary thromboemboli; group 5, parasitic disease (Dirofilaria and Angiostrongylus); and group 6, disorders that are multifactorial or with unclear mechanisms. The approach to treatment of PH focuses on strategies to decrease the risk of progression, complications, or both, recommendations to target underlying diseases or factors contributing to PH, and PH-specific treatments. Dogs with PH should be monitored for improvement, static condition, or progression, and any identified underlying disorder should be addressed and monitored simultaneously

A One Health overview, facilitating advances in comparative medicine and translational research.

Table of contentsA1 One health advances and successes in comparative medicine and translational researchCheryl StroudA2 Dendritic cell-targeted gorilla adenoviral vector for cancer vaccination for canine melanomaIgor Dmitriev, Elena Kashentseva, Jeffrey N. Bryan, David T. CurielA3 Viroimmunotherapy for malignant melanoma in the companion dog modelJeffrey N. Bryan, David Curiel, Igor Dmitriev, Elena Kashentseva, Hans Rindt, Carol Reinero, Carolyn J. HenryA4 Of mice and men (and dogs!): development of a commercially licensed xenogeneic DNA vaccine for companion animals with malignant melanomaPhilip J. BergmanA5 Successful immunotherapy with a recombinant HER2-expressing Listeria monocytogenes in dogs with spontaneous osteosarcoma paves the way for advances in pediatric osteosarcomaNicola J. Mason, Josephine S. Gnanandarajah, Julie B. Engiles, Falon Gray, Danielle Laughlin, Anita Gaurnier-Hausser, Anu Wallecha, Margie Huebner, Yvonne PatersonA6 Human clinical development of ADXS-HER2Daniel O'ConnorA7 Leveraging use of data for both human and veterinary benefitLaura S. TremlA8 Biologic replacement of the knee: innovations and early clinical resultsJames P. StannardA9 Mizzou BioJoint Center: a translational success storyJames L. CookA10 University and industry translational partnership: from the lab to commercializationMarc JacobsA11 Beyond docking: an evolutionarily guided OneHealth approach to drug discoveryGerald J. Wyckoff, Lee Likins, Ubadah Sabbagh, Andrew SkaffA12 Challenges and opportunities for data applications in animal health: from precision medicine to precision husbandryAmado S. GuloyA13 A cloud-based programmable platform for healthHarlen D. HaysA14 Comparative oncology: One Health in actionAmy K. LeBlancA15 Companion animal diseases bridge the translational gap for human neurodegenerative diseaseJoan R. Coates, Martin L. Katz, Leslie A. Lyons, Gayle C. Johnson, Gary S. Johnson, Dennis P. O'BrienA16 Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene therapyDongsheng DuanA17 Polycystic kidney disease: cellular mechanisms to emerging therapiesJames P. CalvetA18 The domestic cat as a large animal model for polycystic kidney diseaseLeslie A. Lyons, Barbara GandolfiA19 The support of basic and clinical research by the Polycystic Kidney Disease FoundationDavid A. BaronA20 Using naturally occurring large animal models of human disease to enable clinical translation: treatment of arthritis using autologous stromal vascular fraction in dogsMark L. WeissA21 Regulatory requirements regarding clinical use of human cells, tissues, and tissue-based productsDebra A. WebsterA22 Regenerative medicine approaches to Type 1 diabetes treatmentFrancis N. KaranuA23 The zoobiquity of canine diabetes mellitus, man's best friend is a friend indeed-islet transplantationEdward J. RobbA24 One Medicine: a development model for cellular therapy of diabetesRobert J. Harman

Ventilator-Assisted Inspiratory and Expiratory Breath-Hold Thoracic Computed Tomographic Scans Can Detect Dynamic and Static Airway Collapse in Dogs with Limited Agreement with Tracheobronchoscopy

Airway collapse (AC) in dogs includes a tracheal collapse, mainstem and lobar bronchial collapse, and bronchomalacia (i.e., segmental/subsegmental bronchial collapse). The clinical presentation of AC may overlap with non-collapsible airway disease (NCAD) or another non-lower airway respiratory disease (NLARD). This study determined whether paired inspiratory (I)/expiratory (E)-breath-hold computed tomography (I/E-BH CT) can detect a static and dynamic AC in dogs with spontaneous respiratory disease and it compared the CT-derived metrics of the AC to the tracheobronchoscopy metrics. The CT-acquired I and E diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) for the trachea, mainstem and lobar bronchi in dogs with an AC (n = 16), NCAD (16), and NLARD (19) served for a dynamic percent of the airway narrowing (%AN) calculation. A scoring system assessed the bronchomalacia. The circularity was calculated for each airway. The results were compared to the tracheobronchoscopy collapse grading. In the dogs with an AC, the %AN was larger for the trachea, right mainstem bronchus and right middle lobar bronchus when they were compared to the dogs with NCAD and NLARD. Flattening was only identified for the trachea of the AC dogs. The agreement between the CT and tracheobronchoscopy scores was 20% from trachea to the lobar bronchi and 47% for the segmental/subsegmental bronchi. Paired I/E-BH CT can detect static and dynamic AC with limited agreement with the tracheobronchoscopy metrics. Independent scoring systems that are tailored to the clinical manifestations of functional impairments are needed

Evaluation of aerodigestive disease and diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs

Abstract Background Aerodigestive diseases (AeroD), hybrid disorders between the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, may present without GI signs. Sliding hiatal hernia (sHH) is an important AeroD in brachycephalic dogs linked to respiratory pathology. The spectrum of other AeroD and respiratory clinical signs (CS) in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs with sHH is unknown. Objectives Characterize CS of AeroD in dogs with sHH, compare CS between brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, and compare thoracic radiographs and videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) for diagnosing sHH. Animals Sixty‐seven client‐owned dogs with sHH. Methods Medical records of dogs with sHH presented to the veterinary teaching hospitals at Auburn University and the University of Missouri between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Between group, comparisons were made using Mann‐Whitney test, Chi‐square analysis, and Spearman correlation (P < .05). Results Dogs with sHH presented with exclusively GI signs (28/67), mixed respiratory and GI signs (22/67), or with exclusively respiratory signs (17/67). Wheras brachycephalic dogs were not significantly more likely to present with respiratory CS (P = .145), they were younger (P < .001), and more likely to present in respiratory distress (P = .02), and with radiographic evidence of aspiration pneumonia (P < .001) compared to nonbrachycephalic dogs. Six of 12 dogs with normal thoracic radiographs having sHH presented with respiratory CS. For detection of sHH, VFSS was superior to radiographs (P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with sHH may present with exclusively respiratory signs. Respiratory signs may be more severe in brachycephalic compared to nonbrachycephalic dogs. Videofluoroscopic swallow study was superior to thoracic radiographs for detection of sHH in dogs

Comparison of Short- versus Long-Course Antimicrobial Therapy of Uncomplicated Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Current treatment for canine bacterial pneumonia relies on protracted courses of antimicrobials (3–6 weeks or more) with recommendations to continue for 1–2 weeks past resolution of all clinical and thoracic radiographic abnormalities. However, in humans, bacterial pneumonia is often treated with 5–10-day courses of antimicrobials, and thoracic radiographs are not considered useful to guide therapeutic duration. The primary study objective was to determine whether a short course of antimicrobials would be sufficient to treat canine bacterial pneumonia. Eight dogs with uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study comparing clinical and radiographic resolution with differing durations of antimicrobial therapy. Dogs received a course of antimicrobials lasting 10 (A10) or 21 (A21) days. Dogs randomized to the A10 group received placebo for 11 days following antimicrobial therapy. Patients were evaluated at presentation and 10, 30 and 60 days after the initiation of antimicrobials. At 10 days, 6/8 dogs had resolution of both clinical signs and inflammatory leukogram, and 5/8 dogs had improved global radiographic scores. After 60 days, clinical and hematologic resolution of pneumonia was noted in all dogs regardless of antimicrobial therapy duration; however, 3/8 dogs had persistent radiographic lesions. Thoracic radiographs do not appear to be a reliable marker to guide antimicrobial therapy in canine bacterial pneumonia as radiographic lesions may lag or persist despite clinical cure. This pilot study suggests a 10-day course of antimicrobials may be sufficient to treat uncomplicated canine bacterial pneumonia

Separation of Asthma from Health of Cats using their Breath

<b>Orthogonal signal-corrected statistical results for the preprocessed spectra of EBC from 53 cats before and after induction of allergic asthma.</b> Panels (A,B) show results from OSC-PLS-DA. Panels (C,D) show results from multi-level OSC-PLS-DA. (A,C) Scores are plotted, using the three largest principal components, for specimens collected before (black) and after induction of asthma (red). (B,D) The variable importance in projection (VIP) plots suggest the spectral features that most distinguish the experimental asthma from the health of the cats. As VIP values rise above 1.0, they imply increasing diagnostic significance [53].  Biomarkers increased by feline asthma are labeled red. A marker decreased by the experimental asthma is labeled blue. The weakness of the tentatively assigned NMR peak of malonate (labeled in gray) diminishes its diagnostic value below that implied by the VIP values

Carboxylic acids found in exhaled breath condensate of cats using NMR

<p><b>Multiple carboxylic acids are exhaled by cats. </b>Regions of a natural abundance ¹³C HSQC NMR spectrum of a comparatively concentrated EBC specimen from a healthy cat are plotted with assignments for (A) the methine (-CH) region, (B) the methylene and methyl regions, and (C) the aromatic region. The sensitivity-enhanced HSQC was acquired at 25 °C for 17.5 h at 800 MHz with a cryoprobe.</p